https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/1 Faculties 2026-10-17T21:57:07Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/4004 Persistent spread of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in acute care hospitals in 36 European countries (the CCRE survey): a prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional, epidemiological, microbiological, and genomic surveillance study Fröding, Inga; David, Sophia; Yeats, Corin; Abu-Dahab, Khalil; Albiger, Barbara; Alikhan, Nabil Fareed; Alm, Erik; Byfors, Sara; Couto, Natacha; Diaz Caballero, Julio; Giske, Christian G.; Matuschek, Erika; Linkevicius, Marius; Palm, Daniel; Svartström, Olov; Struelens, Marc J.; Tegmark Wisell, Karin; Monnet, Dominique L.; Brolund, Alma; Aanensen, David M.; Kohlenberg, Anke; Koraqi, Andi; Bego, Artan; Apfalter, Petra; Hartl, Rainer; Huang, Te Din; Latour, Katrien; Travar, Maja; Sabtcheva, Stefana; Tambić-Andrašević, Arjana; Hrabák, Jaroslav; Žemličková, Helena; Charalambous, Panayiota Maikanti; Hammerum, Anette M.; Bilozor, Anastasia; Jürna-Ellam, Marika; Jalava, Jari; Räisänen, Kati; Dortet, Laurent; Noll, Ines; Pfennigwerth, Niels; Tryfinopoulou, Kyriaki; Vatopoulos, Alkiviadis; Tóth, Ákos; Helgason, Kristjan Orri; Cormican, Martin; Errico, Giulia; Monaco, Monica; Kurti, Arsim; Raka, Lul; Niedre-Otomere, Baiba; Razmuk, Jelena; Sinotova, Jekaterina; Meo, Marie; Perrin, Monique; Micallef, Denise; Nestorova, Nina; Lopičić, Milena; Vuksanović, Vineta; Notermans, Daan; Vendrik, Karuna E.W.; Kaftandzieva, Ana; Osmani, Dugagjin; Samuelsen, Ørjan; Literacka, Elżbieta; Caniça, Manuela; Manageiro, Vera; Codita, Irina; Lixandru, Brandusa; Ćirković, Ivana; Medić, Deana; Nikš, Milan; Pirš, Mateja; Cañada-García, Javier E.; Pérez-Vázquez, María; Edquist, Petra; Westmo, Karin; Şimşek, Hüsniye; Yildiz, Serap Süzük; Hopkins, Katie L.; Meunier, Danièle Background Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales pose a substantial threat to patients and health-care systems. We conducted a survey of carbapenem-resistant and/or colistin-resistant Enterobacterales (CCRE survey) in 37 European countries to describe their occurrence, geographical distribution, and population dynamics and inform control policies. We report the results of Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex isolates in this study. Methods In this cross-sectional, epidemiological, microbiological, and genomic study conducted in all EU, European Economic Area and EU candidate countries as of 2019, hospital microbiology laboratories were selected on the basis of population coverage. Participating laboratories collected, from patient samples, the first ten successive isolates of carbapenem-resistant or carbapenem-susceptible increased exposure (carbapenem-R/I) K pneumoniae species complex or Escherichia coli , and carbapenem-susceptible (carbapenem-S) comparator isolates of the same species, accompanied by patient epidemiological and clinical information. Isolate collection started in 2019, with three possible starting dates-ie, March 1, April 1, or May 1, 2019, and ended after collection of ten carbapenem-R/I and carbapenem-S isolates or a maximum period of 6 months. Isolates were tested for phenotypic susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents of relevance to K pneumoniae species complex. Whole-genome sequencing was performed centrally using Illumina technology. Isolates from the CCRE survey were compared with those from the European Survey of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (EuSCAPE) study. Findings 1566 carbapenem-R/I and 1407 carbapenem-S K pneumoniae species complex isolates collected from patients in 302 hospitals in 36 countries (one country did not send isolates) were analysed in this study. The high-risk lineages identified during a previous similar survey in 2013-14 (EuSCAPE) were found to continue to circulate across European hospitals in 2019 (ST11, ST15, ST101, and ST258/512). Moreover, concerning shifts in the pathogen population were observed. First, a higher proportion of carbapenem-R/I isolates was found to carry a carbapenemase gene in the CCRE survey (1398 [89.3%] of 1566) than in EuSCAPE (657 [69.6%] of 944), mainly related to increased acquisition of carbapenemase genes by high-risk lineages. Of note, among ST307 isolates from all hospitals, the proportion of carbapenem-R/I isolates carrying a carbapenemase gene increased from 14 (60.9%) of 23 in EuSCAPE to 164 (91.1%) of 180 in the CCRE survey. Second, an expansion of emerging multidrug-resistant lineages (ST147, ST307, and ST39) was also noted: Among 113 hospitals that contributed K pneumoniae species complex isolates to both EuSCAPE and the CCRE survey, the proportion of ST147 increased from 16 (3.4%) of 476 in EuSCAPE to 49 (7.4%) of 662 carbapenem-R/I isolates in the CCRE survey, that of ST307 increased from 15 (3.2%) of 476 to 88 (13.3%) of 662, and that of ST39 increased from 3 (0.6%) of 476 to 10 (1.5%) of 662. Third, there was an increased spread of isolates harbouring acquired virulence loci: isolates with the highest Kleborate virulence score of five increased from 7 (0.4%) of 1717 in EuSCAPE to 40 (1.3%) of 2973 in the CCRE survey. Notably, the increase was mainly observed in the carbapenem-S-group. Interpretation The survey findings portray an escalating epidemiological situation and suggest that control measures have not been able to interrupt transmission of high-risk lineages of carbapenemase-producing K pneumoniae in European hospitals. The heterogeneous and evolving situation with regards to circulating lineages and dominant carbapenemase genes requires strengthening and continuous adaptation of diagnostic, treatment, and control measures guided by genomic surveillance. Funding European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/4003 Genomic diversity, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence-associated characteristics of Escherichia coli recovered from poultry hatchery-box material Papoušková, Aneta; Masaříková, Martina; Palkovičová, Jana; Dolejská, Monika; Čížek, Alois Hatcheries are early points of exposure of newly hatched chicks to Escherichia coli from eggshell debris, dust, meconium, and the hatchery environment. This study used descriptive genomic surveillance to characterize population structure, antimicrobial resistance, virulence-associated genes, plasmid replicons, and genetic relatedness in a purposively selected collection of E. coli recovered from hatchery-box material in a Czech commercial poultry hatchery. From 83 samples collected between 2019 and 2023, 409 isolates were recovered. Following within-sample reduction based on antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and PCR screening for selected APEC-associated virulence genes, 91 isolates enriched for cefotaxime-medium recovery or APEC-associated gene profiles were selected for Illumina whole-genome sequencing. The sequenced collection comprised 35 sequence types across nine phylogenetic groups or clades; phylogroup B1 (59/91) and ST162 (28/91) predominated. ColV-associated markers were detected in 88 isolates, acquired resistance genes in 61, and a multidrug-resistant phenotype in 31. Seventeen isolates were resistant to ceftazidime; eight carried ESBL or plasmid-mediated AmpC determinants, while eight additional isolates had the chromosomal ampC promoter substitution C-42T as the only identified determinant associated with this phenotype. Closely related isolates, including ST131, ST162, and ST675, were recovered from different samples or parent-farm groups within restricted sampling periods. These findings document genomically diverse, resistance- and virulence-associated E. coli in hatchery-box material and identify genetically related isolates that warrant investigation through structured longitudinal sampling. Because sampling was unequal and isolates were purposively selected, the findings do not provide prevalence estimates or demonstrate source, transmission, persistence, or pathogenicity. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/4002 Aktuální přehled legislativních návrhů EU v oblasti přímých daní Málek, Ondřej Přednáška na téma aktuálních legislativních návrhů Evropské unie v oblasti přímých daní pro sekci mezinárodního zdanění a cel Komory daňových poradců České republiky, 7. 10. 2026. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/4001 Postavení námitky v systému prostředků ochrany při placení daní Málek, Ondřej Námitka podle § 159 daňového řádu patří mezi základní prostředky ochrany při placení daní, její procesní povaha je však proměnlivá. V některých situacích vystupuje jako řádný opravný prostředek, v jiných jako jiný prostředek ochrany proti úkonu správce daně nebo jeho nečinnosti. Článek se věnuje postavení námitky v platební rovině správy daní po novele účinné od 1. 7. 2025. Zaměřuje se na vymezení situací, v nichž lze námitku uplatnit, a na její vztah k odvolání, podnětu na nečinnost a ochraně ve správním soudnictví. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována dopadům novely, která výslovně vyloučila uplatnění námitky proti exekučnímu příkazu. Cílem článku je ukázat, jakou funkci námitka plní v systému prostředků ochrany při placení daní a jak její povaha ovlivňuje další procesní postup osoby zúčastněné na správě daní.; The objection under Section 159 of the Tax Procedure Code is one of the basic protective remedies in tax payment proceedings, yet its procedural nature is variable. In some situations it functions as an ordinary remedy, in others as a different means of protection against an act of the tax authority or its inactivity. The article addresses the position of the objection within the payment level of tax administration following the amendment effective from 1 July 2025. It focuses on defining the situations in which the objection may be applied, and on its relationship to appeal, the petition against inactivity, and protection in administrative judiciary. Particular attention is paid to the effects of the amendment, which expressly excluded the use of the objection against an execution order. The aim of the article is to show what function the objection performs within the system of protective remedies in tax payment and how its nature affects the further procedural steps of a person participating in tax administration. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z