The Effects of Ultrasound Treatment of Graphite on the Reversibility of the (De)Intercalation of an Anion from Aqueous Electrolyte Solution

Abstract

Low cycling stability is one of the most crucial issues in rechargeable batteries. Herein, we study the effects of a simple ultrasound treatment of graphite for the reversible (de)intercalation of a ClO4(-) anion from a 2.4 M Al(ClO4)(3) aqueous solution. We demonstrate that the ultrasound-treated graphite offers the improved reversibility of the ClO4(-) anion (de)intercalation compared with the untreated samples. The ex situ and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry and X-ray diffraction analysis of the ultrasound-treated materials shows no change in the interlayer spacing, a mild increase in the stacking order, and a large increase in the amount of defects in the lattice accompanied by a decrease in the lateral crystallite size. The smaller flakes of the ultrasonicated natural graphite facilitate the improved reversibility of the ClO4(-) anion electrochemical (de)intercalation and a more stable electrochemical performance with a cycle life of over 300 cycles.