Determination of “Neutral”–“Pain”, “Neutral”–“Pleasure”, and “Pleasure”–“Pain” Affective State Distances by Using AI Image Analysis of Facial Expressions
![Thumbnail](/bitstream/handle/20.500.14178/1687/Determination%20of%20Neutral%20Pain.pdf.jpg?sequence=5&isAllowed=y)
Autor
Prossinger, Hermann
Hladký, Tomáš
Datum vydání
2022Publikováno v
Technologies [online]Ročník / Číslo vydání
10 (4)ISBN / ISSN
ISSN: 2227-7080Metadata
Zobrazit celý záznamTato publikace má vydavatelskou verzi s DOI 10.3390/technologies10040075
Abstrakt
(1) Background: In addition to verbalizations, facial expressions advertise one's affective state. There is an ongoing debate concerning the communicative value of the facial expressions of pain and of pleasure, and to what extent humans can distinguish between these. We introduce a novel method of analysis by replacing human ratings with outputs from image analysis software. (2) Methods: We use image analysis software to extract feature vectors of the facial expressions neutral, pain, and pleasure displayed by 20 actresses. We dimension-reduced these feature vectors, used singular value decomposition to eliminate noise, and then used hierarchical agglomerative clustering to detect patterns. (3) Results: The vector norms for pain-pleasure were rarely less than the distances pain-neutral and pleasure-neutral. The pain-pleasure distances were Weibull-distributed and noise contributed 10% to the signal. The noise-free distances clustered in four clusters and two isolates. (4) Conclusions: AI methods of image recognition are superior to human abilities in distinguishing between facial expressions of pain and pleasure. Statistical methods and hierarchical clustering offer possible explanations as to why humans fail. The reliability of commercial software, which attempts to identify facial expressions of affective states, can be improved by using the results of our analyses.
Klíčová slova
image processing, artificial intelligence, facial expressions, affective state expression, facial pain expression, facial pleasure expression, BDSM videos, hierarchical agglomerative clustering, autoencoder neural network
Trvalý odkaz
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14178/1687Licence
Licence pro užití plného textu výsledku: Creative Commons Uveďte původ 4.0 International